Discuss+ethical+considerations+in+qualitative+research.

Complete the following table using pages 21,22, 34-37, 347,348 from your textbook


 * **Ethical Consideration ** || ** Description ** || **Specifics for Qualitative research ** ||
 * Informed Consent || Participants must be informed about the nature of the study and agree to participate. || Although it should always be obtained since it is stressed in all guidelines on ethical conduct in research, in some cases where it would not otherwise be possible to study a phenomenon, like gang violence, ethics committees may offer dispensation from the rule because the goal of the research is to obtain knowledge that may eventually prevent or explain any behaviour, like violence.

In cases where children under 16 years are involved, consent must be obtained from parents of legal guardians. || Confidentiality means that research data will not be known to anyone outside the study. The researcher may have to change minor details in report to avoid the possibility of participants being recognized. If interviews or observations have been videotaped and archived, it can be destroyed when transcripts have been made. If the researcher finds it necessary to archive non-anonymized data, participants should give written informed consent. || or mental harm || It is important to make sure that no harm is done to participants, It is not permitted to humiliate a participant or force them to reveal private information. || Researchers should take preventive action in all research, to avoid harming the participants. This is particularly true in sensitive research topics, such as sexual abuse, domestic violence, or alcoholism in the family. Due to the nature of qualitative methods, like in-depth interviews, participants may disclose very private information that they have never shared with anyone before. However, the participant may regret such revelations and feel upset after the interview when the interviewer has gone, which should be avoided. Before participants agree to participate, they should have a clear understanding of the topics to be addressed. The researcher must approach sensitive issues through clear and direct questions, so that participants are not drawn into irrelevant and sensitive details by mistake. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">If the participants show signs of discomfort, the researcher should be empathetic and consider stopping the interview; if it has dealt with emotional and sensitive issues, the researcher should try to return to less sensitive topics towards the end. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">It is not advised that the researcher should provide advice or counsel the participants, but he/she might provide useful information about where to find help if this is necessary.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Deception || Is when researchers don't want the participants to know the exact aim of the study because it could affect the results. It should generally not be used, but it may be used in some cases since it could be useful in some researches, and it doesn't cause any stress to the participants. At the end of the study, any deception must be explained to the participants. || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The researcher must provide the participants with sufficient information about the study, such as who founded the study, who will conduct the study, how the data will be used, and what the research requires of the participants. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Debriefing || At the end of all studies, the true aims and purpose of the research must be revealed and justified. Any deception must be revealed and justified. All participants should leave the study without undue stress. || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Researchers must provide at the end of the study the topics it will address. Any doubt should be solved in order to prevent from any confusion. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Withdrawal from Study || At the beginning of any study, participants should be told that they have the right to leave the study at any time, and that they can withdraw their data at the end of the study if they wish. || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> It should be made clear that consent can always be renegotiated. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Confidentiality || All the information that is obtained in a study must be confidential. || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Participants should be informed about the issues surrounding anonymity and confidentiality. The identity of participants should not be known outside the research team, but in cases where sampling involves a third party, this can’t be done, and in this case the participants should be informed.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Protection from physical

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">______________________________________

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.5;">Furthermore, i n relation to physical harm, a study such as the one presented in the article “we are not hte world”, could cause problems outside the study that could lead to physical harm between the members of the tribe. ||